Web template system

Overview

A web template system is composed of the following:

• A template engine: the primary processing element of the system;^[1]
• Content resource: any of various kinds of input data streams, such as from a relational database, XML files, LDAP directory, and other kinds of local or networked data;
• Template resource: web templates specified according to a template language;

The template and content resources are processed and combined by the template engine to mass-produce web documents. For purposes of this article, web documents include any of various output formats for transmission over the web via HTTP, or another Internet protocol.

Motivations and typical uses

Applications

Web developers can use templates from any individual or organization to set up a website. Once they purchase or download a template, they replace all generic information in the web template with their personal, organizational, or product information. Templates are commonly used to:

• Display personal information or daily activities as in a blog
• Sell products online
• Display information about a company or organization
• Display family history
• Display a gallery of photos
• Place music files such as MP3 files on-line for play through a web browser
• Place videos online for public viewing
• Set up a private login area online

Mass-production

Various agencies and organizations use web template systems to mass-produce content when slower production methods are less feasible.^{[citation needed]}

For an introductory overview, take a news website as an example. Consider a "static website", where all web pages are static, built by a web designer. It would be very repetitive work to change individual pages as often as the news changes. A typical strategy to automate the web designer's "repetitive work" using templates could be as follows:

1. choose a web template system to maintain the website;
2. group news items with different presentation needs;
3. specify the "presentation standards" through web templates, for each group of news;
4. specify a content resource to generate or update the content of each news item.

Style standardization

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2012)

Separation of concerns

A common goal among experienced web developers is to develop and deploy applications that are flexible and easily maintainable. An important consideration in reaching this goal is the separation of business logic from presentation logic.^[2] Developers use web template systems (with varying degrees of success) to maintain this separation.^[2]

For the web designer, when each web page comes from a web template, they can think about a modular web page structured with components that can be modified independently of each other. These components may include a header, footer, global navigation bar (GNB), local navigation bar and content such as articles, images, videos etc.

For programmers the template language offers a more restricted logic, only for presentation adaptations and decisions, not for complex (business model) algorithms.^{[citation needed]}

For other members of the "site team", a template system frees webmasters to focus on technical maintenance, content suppliers to focus on content, and gives all of them more reliability.

Moreover, it has the following advantages to its use:

• Ease of design change: presentation variations on templates are "content invariant", meaning a web designer can update the presentation without wider infrastructural preoccupations.^{[citation needed]}
• Ease of interface localization: menus and other presentation standards are easy to make uniform, for users browsing on the site. Using Breadcrumb (navigation) makes any website more user friendly and flexible.^[3]
• Possibility to work separately on design and code by different people at the same time. It can be performed while all the codes in a templates are clean design and every block or section of the websites are write with individual commenting system.^{[citation needed]}
• Responsive web design is now a mandatory factor for any website. Everything must be performed without any change in responsive design.
• Ease of documentation a handy documentation saves more time to understand the whole template and also accelerate the modification process. Professional website designers highly emphasize documentation.

One difficulty in evaluating separation of concerns is the lack of well-defined formalisms to measure when and how well it is actually met.^[2] There are, however, fairly standard heuristics that have been borrowed from the domain of software engineering. These include 'inheritance' (based on principles of object-oriented programming); and 'templating and generative programming', (consistent with the principles of MVC separation).^[4] The precise difference between the various guidelines is subject to some debate, and some aspects of the different guidelines share a degree of similarity.^[5]

Flexible presentation

One major rationale behind "effective separation" is the need for maximum flexibility in the code and resources dedicated to the presentation logic.^[4] Client demands, changing customer preferences and desire to present a "fresh face" for pre-existing content often result in the need to dramatically modify the public appearance of web content while disrupting the underlying infrastructure as little as possible.

The distinction between "presentation" (front end) and "business logic" (infrastructure) is important, because:

• Presentation source code language can differ from other code assets.
• Developers often make application components at separate times and locations.
• Workers skill sets don't always include both presentation skills and business logic coding ability.
• Code assets are easier to read and maintain when the system keeps various component types separate and loosely coupled^[4]

Reusability

Not all potential web template users can hire developers to design a system. Additionally, some may wish to use the Web but have little technical proficiency. Thus, a number of developers and vendors have released web templates specifically for non-technical people to use. Web template reusability is also important for even highly skilled and technically experienced developers—but it is especially critical to those who rely on simplicity and "ready-made" web solutions.

Such "ready-made" web templates are sometimes free, and easily made by an individual domestically. However, specialized web templates are sometimes sold online. Although there are numerous commercial sites that offer web templates for a licensing fee, there are also free and "open-source" sources as well.

Example

With the model typically held in a relational database, the remaining components of the MVC architecture are the control and view. In the simplest of systems these two are not separated. However, adapting the separation of concerns principle one can completely decouple the relationships.

For example, the view template may look like this:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
   <head><title>Sites</title></head>
   <body><h1 data-xp="title"><!-- placeholder --></h1></body>
</html>

Then, the control template loads the view, and then uses XPath addressing^{[original research?]} to insert components from a database, for instance:

<?php
$doc = new DOMDocument;
$doc->preserveWhiteSpace = false;
$doc->Load('view.html');
$titlenode = $doc->createTextNode("Like this");
$xpath = new DOMXPath($doc);
$xpath->registerNamespace("h", "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"); 
$query = "//h:*[@data-xp='title']/comment()";
$entries = $xpath->query($query);
foreach ($entries as $entry) {
    $entry->parentNode->replaceChild($titlenode, $entry);
}
echo $doc->saveXML();
?>

Kinds of template systems

A web browser and web server are a client–server architecture. Sites often also use a web cache to improve performance. Five templating system types are classified based on when they replace placeholders with real content and assemble pages.

• Server-side - run-time substitution happens on the web server
• Client-side - run-time substitution happens in the web browser
• Edge-side - run-time substitution happens on a proxy between web server and browser
• Outside server - static web pages are produced offline and uploaded to the web server; no run-time substitution
• Distributed - run-time substitution happens on multiple servers

Template languages may be:

• Embedded or event-driven.
• Simple, iterable, programmable, or complex.
• Defined by a consortium, privately defined, or de facto defined by an open implementation. Ownership influences the stability and credibility of a specification. However, in most jurisdictions, language specification cannot be copyrighted, so control is seldom absolute.

The source code of the template engine can be proprietary or open source.

Many template systems are a component of a larger programming platform or framework. They are referred to as the "platform's template system". Some template systems have the option of substituting a different template language or engine.^{[citation needed]}

Programming languages such as Perl, Ruby, C, and Java support template processing either natively, or through add-on libraries and modules. JavaServer Pages (JSP), PHP, and Active Server Pages (ASP with VBScript, JScript or other languages) are examples, themselves, of web template engines. These technologies are typically used in server-side templating systems, but could be adapted for use on a "edge-side" proxy or for static page generation.

Static site generators

Outside server template system architecture.

HTML editors often use web template systems to produce only static web pages. These can be viewed as a ready-made web design, used to mass-produce "cookie-cutter" websites for rapid deployment. They also commonly include themes in place of CSS styles. In general, the template language is used only with the editor's software.^[6]

FrontPage and Dreamweaver were once the most popular editors with template sub-systems. A Flash web template uses Macromedia Flash to create visually interactive sites.

Many server-side template systems have an option to publish output pages on the server, where the published pages are static. This is common on content management systems, like Vignette, but is not considered out-server generation. In the majority of cases, this "publish option" doesn't interfere with the template system, and it can be made by external software, as Wget.

Server-side systems

Server-side template system

People began to use server-side dynamic pages generated from templates with pre-existent software adapted for this task. This early software was the preprocessors and macro languages, adapted for the web use, running on CGI. Next, a simple but relevant technology was the direct execution made on extension modules, started with SSI.

Many template systems are typically used as server-side template systems:

Technically, the methodology of embedding programming languages within HTML (or XML, etc.), used in many "server-side included script languages" are also templates. All of them are Embedded complex languages.

There are also preprocessors used as server-side template engines. Examples:

Edge-side systems

Edge-Side template and inclusion systems. "Edge-side" refers to web servers that reside in the space between the client (browser) and the originating server. They are often referred to as "reverse-proxy" servers. These servers are generally tasked with reducing the load and traffic on originating servers by caching content such as images and page fragments, and delivering this to the browser in an efficient manner.

Basic Edge Side Includes (ESI) is an SSI-like language. ESI has been implemented for content delivery networks. The ESI template language may also be implemented in web browsers using JavaScript and Ajax, or via a browser "plug-in".

Client-side systems

Client-side and distributed (decentralized) template system.

Many web browsers can apply an XSLT stylesheet to XML data that transforms the data into an XHTML document, thereby providing template functionality in the browser itself.
Other systems implement template functionality in the browser using JavaScript or another client-side scripting language, including:

• Mustache
• Squirrelly
• Handlebars

Distributed systems

The most simple form is transclusions (HTML frames). In other cases dynamic web pages are needed.

Examples:

• Ajax
• Rich Internet application

See also

References

9. Free ecommerce website themes MG Technologies Blogs and Information Portal of Website Themes.

External links

• JavaScript template libraries comparison from 2009
• Enforcing Strict Model–View Separation in Template Engines
• A Double-Model Approach to Achieve Effective Model–View Separation in Template Based Web Applications
• A PHP template engine comparison with graphic charts
• Comparisons/benchmarks of some Python template-engines and some generic thoughts about template-engines
• web-mode.el is an emacs major for editing web templates