Microsoft Word

Print Print
Reading time 38:57

Microsoft Word
Microsoft Office Word (2019–present).svg
Microsoft Word.png
A story being written and formatted in Word, running on Windows 10
Developer(s)Microsoft
Initial releaseOctober 25, 1983; 37 years ago (1983-10-25) (as Multi-Tool Word)
Stable release
2103 (16.0.13901.20400) / April 13, 2021; 2 months ago (2021-04-13)[1]
Operating system
PlatformIA-32, x64, ARM
TypeWord processor
LicenseTrialware
Websiteproducts.office.com/word
Microsoft Word for Mac
Word for Mac screenshot.png
Word for Mac running on macOS Mojave (10.14.6)
Developer(s)Microsoft
Stable release
16.50 (Build 21061301) / June 15, 2021; 3 days ago (2021-06-15)[3]
Operating systemmacOS
TypeWord processor
LicenseProprietary software plus services
Websiteproducts.office.com/word
Microsoft Word for Android
Original author(s)Microsoft Corporation
Developer(s)Microsoft Corporation
Stable release
16.0.14026.20172 / May 15, 2021; 34 days ago (2021-05-15)[4]
Operating systemAndroid Oreo and later
LicenseProprietary commercial software
Websiteproducts.office.com/word
Microsoft Word for iOS
Developer(s)Microsoft Corporation
Stable release
2.50 / June 14, 2021; 4 days ago (2021-06-14)[5]
Operating systemiOS 13 or later
IPadOS 13 or later
LicenseProprietary commercial software
Websiteproducts.office.com/word
Word Mobile for Windows 10
Developer(s)Microsoft
Operating systemWindows 10, Windows 10 Mobile
TypeWord processor
LicenseTrialware
Websitewww.microsoft.com/store/productId/9WZDNCRFJB9S

Microsoft Word is a word processor developed by Microsoft. It was first released on October 25, 1983,[6] under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems.[7][8][9] Subsequent versions were later written for several other platforms including IBM PCs running DOS (1983), Apple Macintosh running the Classic Mac OS (1985), AT&T UNIX PC (1985), Atari ST (1988), OS/2 (1989), Microsoft Windows (1989), SCO Unix (1990), and macOS (2001).

Commercial versions of Word are licensed as a standalone product or as a component of Microsoft Office 365, or Microsoft 365 Premium subscription, Windows RT or the discontinued Microsoft Works suite.

History

Origins

In 1981, Microsoft hired Charles Simonyi, the primary developer of Bravo, the first GUI word processor, which was developed at Xerox PARC.[10] Simonyi started work on a word processor called Multi-Tool Word and soon hired Richard Brodie, a former Xerox intern, who became the primary software engineer.[10][11][12]

Microsoft announced Multi-Tool Word for Xenix[10] and MS-DOS in 1983.[13] Its name was soon simplified to Microsoft Word.[7] Free demonstration copies of the application were bundled with the November 1983 issue of PC World, making it the first to be distributed on-disk with a magazine.[7][14] That year Microsoft demonstrated Word running on Windows.[15]

Unlike most MS-DOS programs at the time, Microsoft Word was designed to be used with a mouse.[13] Advertisements depicted the Microsoft Mouse, and described Word as a WYSIWYG, windowed word processor with the ability to undo and display bold, italic, and underlined text,[16] although it could not render fonts.[7] It was not initially popular, since its user interface was different from the leading word processor at the time, WordStar.[17] However, Microsoft steadily improved the product, releasing versions 2.0 through 5.0 over the next six years. In 1985, Microsoft ported Word to the classic Mac OS (known as Macintosh System Software at the time). This was made easier by Word for DOS having been designed for use with high-resolution displays and laser printers, even though none were yet available to the general public.[18] It was also notable for its very fast cut-and-paste function and unlimited number of undo operations, which are due to its usage of the piece table data structure.[19]

Following the precedents of LisaWrite and MacWrite, Word for Mac OS added true WYSIWYG features. It fulfilled a need for a word processor that was more capable than MacWrite.[20] After its release, Word for Mac OS's sales were higher than its MS-DOS counterpart for at least four years.[10]

The second release of Word for Mac OS, shipped in 1987, was named Word 3.0 to synchronize its version number with Word for DOS; this was Microsoft's first attempt to synchronize version numbers across platforms. Word 3.0 included numerous internal enhancements and new features, including the first implementation of the Rich Text Format (RTF) specification, but was plagued with bugs. Within a few months, Word 3.0 was superseded by a more stable Word 3.01, which was mailed free to all registered users of 3.0.[18] After MacWrite Pro was discontinued in the mid-1990s, Word for Mac OS never had any serious rivals. Word 5.1 for Mac OS, released in 1992, was a very popular word processor owing to its elegance, relative ease of use and feature set. Many users say it is the best version of Word for Mac OS ever created.[18][21]

In 1986, an agreement between Atari and Microsoft brought Word to the Atari ST[22] under the name Microsoft Write. The Atari ST version was a port of Word 1.05 for the Mac OS[23][24] and was never updated.

The first version of Word for Windows was released in 1989. With the release of Windows 3.0 the following year, sales began to pick up and Microsoft soon became the market leader for word processors for IBM PC-compatible computers.[10] In 1991, Microsoft capitalized on Word for Windows' increasing popularity by releasing a version of Word for DOS, version 5.5, that replaced its unique user interface with an interface similar to a Windows application.[25][26] When Microsoft became aware of the Year 2000 problem, it made Microsoft Word 5.5 for DOS available for download free. As of February 2021, it is still available for download from Microsoft's web site.[27] In 1991, Microsoft embarked on a project code-named Pyramid to completely rewrite Microsoft Word from the ground up. Both the Windows and Mac OS versions would start from the same code base. It was abandoned when it was determined that it would take the development team too long to rewrite and then catch up with all the new capabilities that could have been added at the same time without a rewrite. Instead, the next versions of Word for Windows and Mac OS, dubbed version 6.0, both started from the code base of Word for Windows 2.0.[21]

With the release of Word 6.0 in 1993, Microsoft again attempted to synchronize the version numbers and coordinate product naming across platforms, this time across DOS, Mac OS, and Windows (this was the last version of Word for DOS). It introduced AutoCorrect, which automatically fixed certain typing errors, and AutoFormat, which could reformat many parts of a document at once. While the Windows version received favorable reviews (e.g., from InfoWorld[28]), the Mac OS version was widely derided. Many accused it of being slow, clumsy and memory intensive, and its user interface differed significantly from Word 5.1.[21] In response to user requests, Microsoft offered Word 5 again, after it had been discontinued.[29] Subsequent versions of Word for macOS are no longer direct ports of Word for Windows, instead featuring a mixture of ported code and native code.

Word for Windows

Microsoft Word 2007

Word for Windows is available stand-alone or as part of the Microsoft Office suite. Word contains rudimentary desktop publishing capabilities and is the most widely used word processing program on the market. Word files are commonly used as the format for sending text documents via e-mail because almost every user with a computer can read a Word document by using the Word application, a Word viewer or a word processor that imports the Word format (see Microsoft Word Viewer).

Word 6 for Windows NT was the first 32-bit version of the product,[30] released with Microsoft Office for Windows NT around the same time as Windows 95. It was a straightforward port of Word 6.0. Starting with Word 95, releases of Word were named after the year of its release, instead of its version number.[31]

Word 2010 allows more customization of the Ribbon,[32] adds a Backstage view for file management,[33] has improved document navigation, allows creation and embedding of screenshots,[34] and integrates with Word Web App.[35]

Word 2019 added the Dictate function.

Word for Mac

The Mac was introduced January 24, 1984, and Microsoft introduced Word 1.0 for Mac a year later, on January 18, 1985. The DOS, Mac, and Windows versions are quite different from each other. Only the Mac version was WYSIWYG and used a graphical user interface, far ahead of the other platforms. Each platform restarted its version numbering at "1.0" (https://winworldpc.com/product/microsoft-word/1x-mac). There was no version 2 on the Mac, but version 3 came out on January 31, 1987, as described above. Word 4.0 came out on November 6, 1990, and added automatic linking with Excel, the ability to flow text around graphics and a WYSIWYG page view editing mode. Word 5.1 for Mac, released in 1992 ran on the original 68000 CPU and was the last to be specifically designed as a Macintosh application. The later Word 6 was a Windows port and poorly received. Word 5.1 continued to run well until the last Classic MacOS. Many people continue to run Word 5.1 to this day under an emulated Mac classic system for some of its excellent features like document generation and renumbering or to access their old files.

Microsoft Word 2011 running on OS X

In 1997, Microsoft formed the Macintosh Business Unit as an independent group within Microsoft focused on writing software for Mac OS. Its first version of Word, Word 98, was released with Office 98 Macintosh Edition. Document compatibility reached parity with Word 97,[29] and it included features from Word 97 for Windows, including spell and grammar checking with squiggles.[36] Users could choose the menus and keyboard shortcuts to be similar to either Word 97 for Windows or Word 5 for Mac OS.

Word 2001, released in 2000, added a few new features, including the Office Clipboard, which allowed users to copy and paste multiple items.[37] It was the last version to run on classic Mac OS and, on Mac OS X, it could only run within the Classic Environment. Word X, released in 2001, was the first version to run natively on, and required, Mac OS X,[36] and introduced non-contiguous text selection.[38]

Word 2004 was released in May 2004. It included a new Notebook Layout view for taking notes either by typing or by voice.[39] Other features, such as tracking changes, were made more similar with Office for Windows.[40]

Word 2008, released on January 15, 2008, included a Ribbon-like feature, called the Elements Gallery, that can be used to select page layouts and insert custom diagrams and images. It also included a new view focused on publishing layout, integrated bibliography management,[41] and native support for the new Office Open XML format. It was the first version to run natively on Intel-based Macs.[42]

Word 2011, released in October 2010, replaced the Elements Gallery in favor of a Ribbon user interface that is much more similar to Office for Windows,[43] and includes a full-screen mode that allows users to focus on reading and writing documents, and support for Office Web Apps.[44]

Word for Mobile

Word Mobile is a word processor that allows creating and editing documents. It supports basic formatting, such as bolding, changing font size, and changing colors (from red, yellow, or green). It can add comments, but can't edit documents with tracked changes. It can't open password protected documents, change the typeface, text alignment, or style (normal, heading 1); create bulleted lists; insert pictures; or undo.[45][46][47] Word Mobile is neither able to display nor insert footnotes, endnotes, page headers, page footers, page breaks, certain indentation of lists, and certain fonts while working on a document, but retains them if the original document has them.[48] In addition to the features of the 2013 version, the 2007 version on Windows Mobile also has the ability to save documents in the Rich Text Format and open legacy PSW (Pocket Word).[48] Furthermore, it includes a spell checker, word count tool, and a "Find and Replace" command. In 2015, Word Mobile became available for Windows 10 and Windows 10 Mobile on Windows Store.[49]

File formats

Native file formats
.doc icon.svg .docx icon.svg
Left: The icon for .doc files that comes with Microsoft Office 2019.
Right: The icon for .docx files, as seen on Microsoft OneDrive. The icon seen in Microsoft Office 2019 is slightly more colorful.
DOCLegacy Word document
DOTLegacy Word templates
WBKLegacy Word document backup
DOCXXML Word document
DOCMXML Word macro-enabled document
DOTXXML Word template
DOTMXML Word macro-enabled template
DOCBXML Word binary document

Filename extensions

Microsoft Word's native file formats are denoted either by a .doc or .docx filename extension.

Although the .doc extension has been used in many different versions of Word, it actually encompasses four distinct file formats:

  1. Word for DOS
  2. Word for Windows 1 and 2; Word 3 and 4 for Mac OS
  3. Word 6 and Word 95 for Windows; Word 6 for Mac OS
  4. Word 97 and later for Windows; Word 98 and later for Mac OS

(The classic Mac OS of the era did not use filename extensions.)[50]

The newer .docx extension signifies the Office Open XML international standard for Office documents and is used by Word 2007 and later for Windows, Word 2008 and later for macOS, as well as by a growing number of applications from other vendors, including OpenOffice.org Writer, an open source word processing program.[51][52]

Binary formats (Word 97–2007)

During the late 1990s and early 2000s, the default Word document format (.DOC) became a de facto standard of document file formats for Microsoft Office users.[citation needed] There are different versions of "Word Document Format" used by default in Word 97–2007.[53] Each binary word file is a Compound File,[54] a hierarchical file system within a file. According to Joel Spolsky, Word Binary File Format is extremely complex mainly because its developers had to accommodate an overwhelming number of features and prioritize performance over anything else.[55]

As with all OLE Compound Files, Word Binary Format consists of "storages", which are analogous to computer folders, and "streams", which are similar to computer files. Each storage may contain streams or other storage. Each Word Binary File must contain a stream called "WordDocument" stream and this stream must start with a File Information Block (FIB).[56] FIB serves as the first point of reference for locating everything else, such as where the text in a Word document starts, ends, what version of Word created the document and other attributes.

Word 2007 and later continue to support the DOC file format, although it is no longer the default.

XML Document (Word 2003)

The .docx XML format introduced in Word 2003[57] was a simple, XML-based format called WordProcessingML or WordML .[58]

The Microsoft Office XML formats are XML-based document formats (or XML schemas) introduced in versions of Microsoft Office prior to Office 2007. Microsoft Office XP introduced a new XML format for storing Excel spreadsheets and Office 2003 added an XML-based format for Word documents.

These formats were succeeded by Office Open XML (ECMA-376) in Microsoft Office 2007.

Cross-version compatibility

Opening a Word Document file in a version of Word other than the one with which it was created can cause an incorrect display of the document. The document formats of the various versions change in subtle and not so subtle ways (such as changing the font, or the handling of more complex tasks like footnotes). Formatting created in newer versions does not always survive when viewed in older versions of the program, nearly always because that capability does not exist in the previous version.[59]Rich Text Format (RTF), an early effort to create a format for interchanging formatted text between applications, is an optional format for Word that retains most formatting and all content of the original document.

Third-party formats

Plugins permitting the Windows versions of Word to read and write formats it does not natively support, such as international standard OpenDocument format (ODF) (ISO/IEC 26300:2006), are available. Up until the release of Service Pack 2 (SP2) for Office 2007, Word did not natively support reading or writing ODF documents without a plugin, namely the SUN ODF Plugin or the OpenXML/ODF Translator. With SP2 installed, ODF format 1.1 documents can be read and saved like any other supported format in addition to those already available in Word 2007.[59][60][61][62][63] The implementation faces substantial criticism, and the ODF Alliance and others have claimed that the third-party plugins provide better support.[64] Microsoft later declared that the ODF support has some limitations.[65]

In October 2005, one year before the Microsoft Office 2007 suite was released, Microsoft declared that there was insufficient demand from Microsoft customers for the international standard OpenDocument format support, and that therefore it would not be included in Microsoft Office 2007. This statement was repeated in the following months.[66][67][68][69] As an answer, on October 20, 2005 an online petition was created to demand ODF support from Microsoft.[70]

In May 2006, the ODF plugin for Microsoft Office was released by the OpenDocument Foundation.[71] Microsoft declared that it had no relationship with the developers of the plugin.[72]

In July 2006, Microsoft announced the creation of the Open XML Translator project – tools to build a technical bridge between the Microsoft Office Open XML Formats and the OpenDocument Format (ODF). This work was started in response to government requests for interoperability with ODF. The goal of project was not to add ODF support to Microsoft Office, but only to create a plugin and an external tool-set.[73][74] In February 2007, this project released a first version of the ODF plugin for Microsoft Word.[75]

In February 2007, Sun released an initial version of its ODF plugin for Microsoft Office.[76] Version 1.0 was released in July 2007.[77]

Microsoft Word 2007 (Service Pack 1) supports (for output only) PDF and XPS formats, but only after manual installation of the Microsoft 'Save as PDF or XPS' add-on.[78][79] On later releases, this was offered by default.

Features and flaws

Among its features, Word includes a built-in spell checker, a thesaurus, a dictionary, and utilities for manipulating and editing text. The following are some aspects of its feature set.

Templates

Several later versions of Word include the ability for users to create their own formatting templates, allowing them to define a file in which the title, heading, paragraph, and other element designs differ from the standard Word templates.[80] Users can find how to do this under the Help section located near the top right corner (Word 2013 on Windows 8).

For example, Normal.dotm is the master template from which all Word documents are created. It determines the margin defaults as well as the layout of the text and font defaults. Although Normal.dotm is already set with certain defaults, the user can change it to new defaults. This will change other documents which were created using the template.[81] It was previously Normal.dot.[82]

Image formats

Word can import and display images in common bitmap formats such as JPG and GIF. It can also be used to create and display simple line-art. Microsoft Word added support[83] for the common SVG vector image format in 2017 for Office 365 ProPlus subscribers and this functionality was also included in the Office 2019 release.

WordArt

An example image created with WordArt

WordArt enables drawing text in a Microsoft Word document such as a title, watermark, or other text, with graphical effects such as skewing, shadowing, rotating, stretching in a variety of shapes and colors and even including three-dimensional effects. Users can apply formatting effects such as shadow, bevel, glow, and reflection to their document text as easily as applying bold or underline. Users can also spell-check text that uses visual effects, and add text effects to paragraph styles.

Macros

A Macro is a rule of pattern that specifies how a certain input sequence (often a sequence of characters) should be mapped to an output sequence according to a defined process. Frequently used or repetitive sequences of keystrokes and mouse movements can be automated. Like other Microsoft Office documents, Word files can include advanced macros and even embedded programs. The language was originally WordBasic, but changed to Visual Basic for Applications as of Word 97.

This extensive functionality can also be used to run and propagate viruses in documents. The tendency for people to exchange Word documents via email, USB flash drives, and floppy disks made this an especially attractive vector in 1999. A prominent example was the Melissa virus, but countless others have existed.

These macro viruses were the only known cross-platform threats between Windows and Macintosh computers and they were the only infection vectors to affect any macOS system up until the advent of video codec trojans in 2007.[citation needed] Microsoft released patches for Word X and Word 2004 that effectively eliminated the macro problem on the Mac by 2006.

Word's macro security setting, which regulates when macros may execute, can be adjusted by the user, but in the most recent versions of Word, it is set to HIGH by default, generally reducing the risk from macro-based viruses, which have become uncommon.

Layout issues

Before Word 2010 (Word 14) for Windows, the program was unable to correctly handle ligatures defined in OpenType fonts.[84] Those ligature glyphs with Unicode codepoints may be inserted manually, but are not recognized by Word for what they are, breaking spell checking, while custom ligatures present in the font are not accessible at all. Since Word 2010, the program now has advanced typesetting features which can be enabled:[85]OpenType ligatures,[86]kerning, and hyphenation (previous versions already had the latter two features). Other layout deficiencies of Word include the inability to set crop marks or thin spaces. Various third-party workaround utilities have been developed.[87]

In Word 2004 for Mac OS X, support of complex scripts was inferior even to Word 97,[88] and Word 2004 did not support Apple Advanced Typography features like ligatures or glyph variants.[89]

Bullets and numbering

Microsoft Word supports bullet lists and numbered lists. It also features a numbering system that helps add correct numbers to pages, chapters, headers, footnotes, and entries of tables of content; these numbers automatically change to correct ones as new items are added or existing items are deleted. Bullets and numbering can be applied directly to paragraphs and convert them to lists.[90] Word 97 through 2003, however, had problems adding correct numbers to numbered lists. In particular, a second irrelevant numbered list might have not started with number one but instead resumed numbering after the last numbered list. Although Word 97 supported a hidden marker that said the list numbering must restart afterward, the command to insert this marker (Restart Numbering command) was only added in Word 2003. However, if one were to cut the first item of the listed and paste it as another item (e.g. fifth), then the restart marker would have moved with it and the list would have restarted in the middle instead of at the top.[91]

Users can also create tables in Word. Depending on the version, Word can perform simple calculations — along with support for formulas and equations as well.

Word continues to default to non-Unicode characters and non-heirarchical bulleting, despite user preference for Powerpoint-style symbol hierarchies (e.g., filled circle/emdash/filled square/endash/emptied circle) and universal compatibility.

AutoSummarize

Available in certain versions of Word (e.g., Word 2007), AutoSummarize highlights passages or phrases that it considers valuable and can be a quick way of generating a crude abstract or an executive summary.[92] The amount of text to be retained can be specified by the user as a percentage of the current amount of text.

According to Ron Fein of the Word 97 team, AutoSummarize cuts wordy copy to the bone by counting words and ranking sentences. First, AutoSummarize identifies the most common words in the document (barring "a" and "the" and the like) and assigns a "score" to each word – the more frequently a word is used, the higher the score. Then, it "averages" each sentence by adding the scores of its words and dividing the sum by the number of words in the sentence – the higher the average, the higher the rank of the sentence. "It's like the ratio of wheat to chaff," explains Fein.[93]

AutoSummarize was removed from Microsoft Word for Mac OS X 2011, although it was present in Word for Mac 2008. AutoSummarize was removed from the Office 2010 release version (14) as well.[94]

Shortcut Keys

There are many shortcuts that can be used in Microsoft Word, however, there are a couple of mostly used shortcuts. To make letters bold: "Control+B", Make letters italic: "Control+I", Make letters underline: "Control+U", Copy text: "Control+C", and to Paste text: Control+V. There are many other shortcut keys that you can use in Microsoft Office as well.

Word for the web

Word for the web is a free lightweight version of Microsoft Word available as part of Office on the web, which also includes web versions of Microsoft Excel and Microsoft PowerPoint.

Word for the web lacks some Ribbon tabs, such as Design and Mailings. Mailings allows users to print envelopes and labels, and manage mail merge printing of Word documents.[95][96] Word for the web is not able to edit certain objects, such as equations, shapes, text boxes, or drawings, but a placeholder may be present in the document. Certain advanced features like table sorting or columns will not be displayed but are preserved as they were in the document. Other views available in the Word desktop app (Outline, Draft, Web Layout, and Full Screen Reading) are not available, nor are side-by-side viewing, split windows, and the ruler.[97]

Password protection

There are three password types that can be set in Microsoft Word:

  • Password to open a document[98]
  • Password to modify a document[98]
  • Password restricting formatting and editing[99]

The second and the third type of passwords were developed by Microsoft for convenient shared use of documents rather than for their protection. There is no encryption of documents that are protected by such passwords, and the Microsoft Office protection system saves a hash sum of a password in a document's header where it can be easily accessed and removed by the specialized software. Password to open a document offers much tougher protection that had been steadily enhanced in the subsequent editions of Microsoft Office.

Word 95 and all the preceding editions had the weakest protection that utilized a conversion of a password to a 16-bit key.

Key length in Word 97 and 2000 was strengthened up to 40 bit. However, modern cracking software allows removing such a password very quickly – a persistent cracking process takes one week at most. Use of rainbow tables reduces password removal time to several seconds. Some password recovery software can not only remove a password but also find an actual password that was used by a user to encrypt the document using brute-force attack approach. Statistically, the possibility of recovering the password depends on the password strength.

Word's 2003/XP version default protection remained the same but an option that allowed advanced users choosing a Cryptographic Service Provider was added.[100] If a strong CSP is chosen, guaranteed document decryption becomes unavailable, and therefore a password can't be removed from the document. Nonetheless, a password can be fairly quickly picked with a brute-force attack, because its speed is still high regardless of the CSP selected. Moreover, since the CSPs are not active by default, their use is limited to advanced users only.

Word 2007 offers significantly more secure document protection which utilizes the modern Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) that converts a password to a 128-bit key using a SHA-1 hash function 50000 times. It makes password removal impossible (as of today, no computer that can pick the key in a reasonable amount of time exists), and drastically slows the brute-force attack speed down to several hundreds of passwords per second.

Word's 2010 protection algorithm was not changed apart from the increasing number of SHA-1 conversions up to 100000 times, and consequently, the brute-force attack speed decreased two times more.

Reception

BYTE in 1984 criticized the documentation for Word 1.1 and 2.0 for DOS, calling it "a complete farce". It called the software "clever, put together well, and performs some extraordinary feats", but concluded that "especially when operated with the mouse, has many more limitations than benefits ... extremely frustrating to learn and operate efficiently".[101]PC Magazine's review was very mixed, stating "I've run into weird word processors before, but this is the first time one's nearly knocked me down for the count" but acknowledging that Word's innovations were the first that caused the reviewer to consider abandoning WordStar. While the review cited an excellent WYSIWYG display, sophisticated print formatting, windows, and footnoting as merits, it criticized many small flaws, very slow performance, and "documentation apparently produced by Madame Sadie's Pain Palace". It concluded that Word was "two releases away from potential greatness".[102]

Compute!'s Apple Applications in 1987 stated that "despite a certain awkwardness", Word 3.01 "will likely become the major Macintosh word processor" with "far too many features to list here". While criticizing the lack of true WYSIWYG, the magazine concluded that "Word is marvelous. It's like a Mozart or Edison, whose occasional gaucherie we excuse because of his great gifts".[103]

Compute! in 1989 stated that Word 5.0's integration of text and graphics made it "a solid engine for basic desktop publishing". The magazine approved of improvements to text mode, described the $75 price for upgrading from an earlier version as "the deal of the decade", and concluded that "as a high-octane word processor, Word is definitely worth a look".[104]

During the first quarter of 1996, Microsoft Word accounted for 80% of the worldwide word processing market.[105]

Despite its commercial success, it has also been argued in the scientific community that Word might not be well-suited for large-scale projects with high typographical demands, due to issues such as file compatibility, poor typography, low image quality, and limited feature scalability.[106]

Release history

Legend: Old version, not maintained Older version, still maintained Current stable version Latest preview version Future release
Microsoft Word 2010 running on Windows 7
Microsoft Word for Windows release history
Year released Name Version Comments
1989 Word for Windows 1.0 Old version, no longer maintained: 1.0 Code-named Opus[107]
1990 Word for Windows 1.1 Old version, no longer maintained: 1.1 For Windows 3.0.[108] Code-named Bill the Cat[citation needed]
1990 Word for Windows 1.1a Old version, no longer maintained: 1.1a On March 25, 2014 Microsoft made the source code to Word for Windows 1.1a available to the public via the Computer History Museum.[109][110]
1991 Word for Windows 2.0 Old version, no longer maintained: 2.0 Included in Office 3.0.
1993 Word for Windows 6.0 Old version, no longer maintained: 6.0 Version numbers 3, 4 and 5 were skipped, to bring Windows version numbering in line with that of DOS Mac OS and WordPerfect (the main competing word processor at the time). Also a 32-bit version for Windows NT only. Included in Office 4.0, 4.2, and 4.3.
1995 Word for Windows 95 Old version, no longer maintained: 7.0 Included in Office 95
1997 Word 97 Old version, no longer maintained: 8.0 Included in Office 97
1998 Word 98 Old version, no longer maintained: 8.5 Included in Office 97
1999 Word 2000 Old version, no longer maintained: 9.0 Included in Office 2000
2001 Word 2002 Old version, no longer maintained: 10.0 Included in Office XP
2003 Microsoft Word 2003 Old version, no longer maintained: 11.0 Included in Office 2003
2006 Microsoft Word 2007 Old version, no longer maintained: 12.0 Included in Office 2007; released to businesses on November 30, 2006, released worldwide to consumers on January 30, 2007. Extended support until October 10, 2017.
2010 Word 2010 Old version, no longer maintained: 14.0 Included in Office 2010; skipped 13.0 due to triskaidekaphobia.
2013 Word 2013 Older version, yet still maintained: 15.0 Included in Office 2013
2016 Word 2016 Older version, yet still maintained: 16.0 Included in Office 2016
2019 Word 2019 Current stable version: 16.0 Included in Office 2019
Microsoft Word for classic Mac OS and macOS release history
Year released Name Version Comments
1985 Word 1 Old version, no longer maintained: 1.0
1987 Word 3 Old version, no longer maintained: 3.0
1989 Word 4 Old version, no longer maintained: 4.0 Part of Office 1.0 and 1.5
1991 Word 5 Old version, no longer maintained: 5.0
  • Part of Office 3.0
  • Requires System 6.0.2, 512 KB of RAM (1 MB for 5.1, 2 MB to use spell check and thesaurus), 6.5 MB available hard drive space[18]
1992 Word 5.1 Old version, no longer maintained: 5.1
  • Part of Office 3.0
  • Last version to support 68000-based Macs[18]
1993 Word 6 Old version, no longer maintained: 6.0
  • Part of Office 4.2
  • Shares code and user interface with Word for Windows 6
  • Requires System 7.0, 4 MB of RAM (8 MB recommended), at least 10 MB available hard drive space, 68020 CPU[18]
1998 Word 98 Old version, no longer maintained: 8.5
  • Part of Office 98 Macintosh Edition
  • Requires PowerPC-based Macintosh
  • Renumbered alongside contemporary Windows version
2000 Word 2001 Old version, no longer maintained: 9.0
  • Part of Microsoft Office 2001
  • Last version compatible with Classic Mac OS (Mac OS 9 or earlier)
2001 Word v. X Old version, no longer maintained: 10.0
  • Part of Office v. X
  • First version for Mac OS X only
2004 Word 2004 Old version, no longer maintained: 11.0 Part of Office 2004
2008 Word 2008 Old version, no longer maintained: 12.0 Part of Office 2008
2010 Word 2011 Old version, no longer maintained: 14.0 Part of Office 2011; skipped 13.0 due to triskaidekaphobia.[111]
2015 Word 2016 Older version, yet still maintained: 16.0 Part of Office 2016; skipped 15.0
2019 Word 2019 Current stable version: 16.0 Part of Office 2019
Word for MS-DOS release history
Year released Name Version Comments
1983 Word 1 Old version, no longer maintained: 1.0 Initial version of Word
1985 Word 2 Old version, no longer maintained: 2.0
1986 Word 3 Old version, no longer maintained: 3.0
1987 Word 4 Old version, no longer maintained: 4.0
1989 Word 5 Old version, no longer maintained: 5.0
1991 Word 5.1 Old version, no longer maintained: 5.1
1991 Word 5.5 Old version, no longer maintained: 5.5 First DOS version to use a Windows-like user interface
1993 Word 6 Old version, no longer maintained: 6.0 Last DOS version.
Word release history on other platforms
Platform Year released Name Comments
Atari ST 1988 Microsoft Write Based on Microsoft Word 1.05 for Mac OS
OS/2 1989 Microsoft Word 5.0 Word 5.0 ran both under DOS and under OS/2 dual mode as a native OS/2 application
OS/2 1991 Microsoft Word 5.5 Word 5.5 ran both under DOS and under OS/2 dual mode as a native OS/2 application
OS/2 1990 Microsoft Word for OS/2 Presentation Manager version 1.1
OS/2 1991 Microsoft Word for OS/2 Presentation Manager version 1.2
SCO Unix 1990 Microsoft Word for Unix version 5.0[112]
SCO Unix 1991 Microsoft Word for Unix version 5.1[113]

References

  1. ^ "Update history for Microsoft Office 2019". Microsoft Docs. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
  2. ^ "System requirements for Office". Office.com. Microsoft. Retrieved March 30, 2019.
  3. ^ "Update history for Office for Mac". Microsoft Docs.
  4. ^ "Microsoft Word: Write, Edit & Share Docs on the Go APKs". APKMirror.
  5. ^ "Microsoft Word". App Store.
  6. ^ "Version 1.0 of today's most popular applications, a visual tour – Pingdom Royal". Pingdom. June 17, 2009. Archived from the original on August 13, 2018. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
  7. ^ a b c d A. Allen, Roy (October 2001). "Chapter 12: Microsoft in the 1980s" (PDF). A History of the Personal Computer: The People and the Technology (1st ed.). Allan Publishing. pp. 12/25–12/26. ISBN 978-0-9689108-0-1. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  8. ^ "Microsoft Office online, Getting to know you...again: The Ribbon". Archived from the original on May 11, 2011.
  9. ^ "The history of branding, Microsoft history". Archived from the original on May 28, 2009.
  10. ^ a b c d e Edwards, Benj (October 22, 2008). "Microsoft Word Turns 25". PC World. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  11. ^ Tsang, Cheryl (1999). Microsoft First Generation. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-33206-0.
  12. ^ Schaut, Rick (May 19, 2004). "Anatomy of a Software Bug". MSDN Blogs. Archived from the original on February 1, 2010. Retrieved December 2, 2006.
  13. ^ a b Markoff, John (May 30, 1983). "Mouse and new WP program join Microsoft product lineup". InfoWorld. p. 10. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  14. ^ Pollack, Andrew (August 25, 1983). "Computerizing Magazines". The New York Times. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
  15. ^ Lemmons, Phil (December 1983). "Microsoft Windows". BYTE. p. 48. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
  16. ^ Advertisement (December 1983). "Undo. Windows. Mouse. Finally". BYTE. pp. 88–89. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
  17. ^ Peterson, W.E. Pete (1994). Almost Perfect: How a Bunch of Regular Guys Built Wordperfect Corporation. Prima Publishing. ISBN 0-7881-9991-9.
  18. ^ a b c d e f Knight, Dan (May 22, 2008). "Microsoft Word for Mac History". Low End Mac. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  19. ^ ""The Piece Table"".
  20. ^ "Whole Earth Software Catalog". For a year, I waited for a heavier-duty word processor than MACWRITE. I finally got it— WORD.
  21. ^ a b c Schaut, Rick (February 26, 2004). "Mac Word 6.0". Buggin' My Life Away. MSDN Blogs. Archived from the original on May 14, 2004. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
  22. ^ "Atari announces agreement with Microsoft". Atarimagazines.com. April 25, 2008. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
  23. ^ "Feature Review: Microsoft Write". Atarimagazines.com. April 25, 2008. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
  24. ^ "Today's Atari Corp.: A close up look inside". Atarimagazines.com. April 25, 2008. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
  25. ^ Miller, Michael J. (November 12, 1990). "First Look: Microsoft Updates Look of And Adds Pull-Down Menus to Character-Based Word 5.5". InfoWorld. p. 151. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  26. ^ Needleman, Raphael (November 19, 1990). "Microsoft Word 5.5: Should You Fight or Switch?". InfoWorld. p. 106. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  27. ^ "Microsoft Word 5.5 for MS-DOS (EXE format)". Microsoft Download Center. Retrieved August 19, 2011.
  28. ^ "War of the Words". InfoWorld. February 7, 1994. pp. 66–79. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  29. ^ a b Lockman, James T.W. (May 15, 1998). "UGeek Software Review: Microsoft Office 98 Gold for Macintosh". Archived from the original on December 3, 2010. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  30. ^ Rose, Daniel. "Microsoft Office for Windows NT". DanielSays.com — Daniel's Legacy Computer Collections. Archived from the original on January 27, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  31. ^ Ericson, Richard (October 11, 2006). "Final Review: The Lowdown on Office 2007". Computerworld. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
  32. ^ Mendelson, Edward (May 11, 2010). "Microsoft Office 2010". PC Magazine. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
  33. ^ Mendelson, Edward (May 11, 2010). "Microsoft Office 2010: Office 2010's Backstage View". PC Magazine. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
  34. ^ Mendelson, Edward (May 11, 2010). "Microsoft Office 2010: The Word on Word". PC Magazine. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
  35. ^ "Introduction to Word Web App". Microsoft. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
  36. ^ a b McLean, Prince (November 12, 2007). "Road to Mac Office 2008: an introduction (Page 3)". AppleInsider. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  37. ^ Tetrault, Gregory (January 2001). "Review: Microsoft Office 2001". ATPM: About This Particular Macintosh. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  38. ^ Negrino, Tom (February 1, 2002). "Review: Microsoft Office v. X". Macworld. Archived from the original on August 18, 2010. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  39. ^ Lunsford, Kelly; Michaels, Philip; Snell, Jason (March 3, 2004). "Office 2004: First Look". Macworld. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  40. ^ Friedberg, Steve (May 25, 2004). "Review: Microsoft Office". MacNN. Archived from the original on April 5, 2010. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  41. ^ McLean, Prince (November 14, 2007). "Road to Mac Office 2008: Word '08 vs Pages 3.0". AppleInsider. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  42. ^ McLean, Prince (November 12, 2007). "Road to Mac Office 2008: an introduction (Page 4)". AppleInsider. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  43. ^ McLean, Prince (March 29, 2010). "New Office 11 for Mac sports dense ribbons of buttons". AppleInsider. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  44. ^ Dilger, Daniel Eran (October 25, 2010). "Review: Microsoft's Office 2011 for Mac (Page 2)". Apple Insider. Archived from the original on October 28, 2010. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  45. ^ Ralph, Nate. "Office for Windows Phone 8: Your handy starter guide". TechHive. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
  46. ^ Wollman, Dana. "Microsoft Office Mobile for iPhone hands-on". Engadget. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
  47. ^ Pogue, David. "Microsoft Adds Office for iPhone. Yawn". The New York Times. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
  48. ^ a b Unsupported Features in Word Mobile. Microsoft. Retrieved September 21, 2007.
  49. ^ Koenigsbauer, Kirk; Microsoft 365, Corporate Vice President for (July 29, 2015). "Office Mobile apps for Windows 10 are here!". Microsoft 365 Blog. Retrieved July 11, 2020.
  50. ^ Oakley, Howard (May 2, 2015). ".why .the .extensions? Quirks in the naming of files and folders". The Eclectic Light Company. Archived from the original on February 26, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2020. Macs used to be the only computers that did not need filename extensions...on classic Mac systems, you can name applications, documents, and most other files almost anything that you like, as the name is not linked in any way to the type of thing that file is.
  51. ^ "DOCX Transitional (Office Open XML), ISO 29500:2008-2016, ECMA-376, Editions 1-5". www.loc.gov. January 20, 2017. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  52. ^ "OpenOffice.org 3.0 New Features — Microsoft Office 2007 Import Filters". Retrieved April 26, 2010.
  53. ^ "5 Appendix A: Product Behavior" (PDF). [MS-DOC]: Word (.doc) Binary File Format (PDF). Redmond, WA: Microsoft. Archived from the original on January 10, 2015. Retrieved January 10, 2015.
  54. ^ "2.1 File Structure" (PDF). [MS-DOC]: Word (.doc) Binary File Format (PDF). Redmond, WA: Microsoft. Archived from the original on January 10, 2015. Retrieved January 10, 2015.
  55. ^ Spolsky, Joel (February 19, 2008). "Why are the Microsoft Office file formats so complicated? (And some workarounds)". Joel on Software.
  56. ^ "2.1.1 WordDocument Stream" (PDF). [MS-DOC]: Word (.doc) Binary File Format (PDF). Redmond, WA: Microsoft. Archived from the original on January 10, 2015. Retrieved January 10, 2015.
  57. ^ "What You Can Do with Word XML [Word 2003 XML Reference]". MSDN. 2004.
  58. ^ "Microsoft Office XML formats", Wikipedia, March 4, 2021, retrieved March 17, 2021
  59. ^ a b Casson, Tony; Ryan, Patrick S. (May 1, 2006). "Open Standards, Open Source Adoption in the Public Sector, and Their Relationship to Microsoft's Market Dominance". In Bolin, Sherrie (ed.). Standards Edge: Unifier or Divider?. Sheridan Books. p. 87. SSRN .
  60. ^ "Microsoft Expands List of Formats Supported in Microsoft Office, May 21, 2008". News Center. Microsoft. May 21, 2008. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
  61. ^ Fulton, Scott M. III (May 21, 2008). "Next Office 2007 service pack will include ODF, PDF support options". Betanews.
  62. ^ Andy Updegrove. "Microsoft Office 2007 to Support ODF – and not OOXML, May 21, 2008". Consortiuminfo.org. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
  63. ^ "Microsoft: Why we chose ODF support over OOXML, 23 May 2008". Software.silicon.com. Archived from the original on July 21, 2009. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
  64. ^ "Fact-sheet Microsoft ODF support" (PDF). odfalliance. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 11, 2009. Retrieved May 24, 2009. Microsoft Excel 2007 will process ODF spreadsheet documents when loaded via the Sun Plug-In 3.0 for Microsoft Office or the SourceForge "OpenXML/ODF Translator Add-in for Office," but will fail when using the "built-in" support provided by Office 2007 SP2.
  65. ^ Microsoft. "What happens when I save a Word 2007 document in the OpenDocument Text format?". Archived from the original on March 18, 2010. Retrieved April 5, 2010.
  66. ^ Goodwins, Rupert (October 3, 2005). "Office 12 to support PDF creation, 3 October 2005". News.zdnet.co.uk. Archived from the original on July 23, 2009. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
  67. ^ Marson, Ingrid (October 6, 2005). "Microsoft 'must support OpenDocument', 6 October 2005". News.zdnet.co.uk. Archived from the original on July 25, 2009. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
  68. ^ March 23, 2006, Gates: Office 2007 will enable a new class of application Mass. holding tight to OpenDocument – ZDNet Archived July 21, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  69. ^ "May 08, 2006 – Microsoft Office to get a dose of OpenDocument". Zdnet.com.au. Archived from the original on July 22, 2009. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
  70. ^ OpenDocument Fellowship (October 20, 2005). "OpenDocument Support: Tell Microsoft You Want It!, 20 October 2005". Opendocumentfellowship.com. Archived from the original on March 23, 2008. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
  71. ^ "Coming soon: ODF for MS Office, May 04, 2006". Linux-watch.com. May 4, 2006. Retrieved June 21, 2010.[dead link]
  72. ^ LaMonica, Martin (May 5, 2006). "Microsoft Office to get a dose of OpenDocument". CNET News. CBS Interactive. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
  73. ^ "Microsoft Expands Document Interoperability, July 5, 2006". Microsoft.com. July 5, 2006. Archived from the original on February 4, 2007. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
  74. ^ Jones, Brian; Rajabi, Zeyad (July 6, 2006). "Open XML Translator project announced (ODF support for Office)". Brian Jones: Office Solutions. Microsoft. Archived from the original on January 18, 2010. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
  75. ^ LaMonica, Martin (February 1, 2007). "Microsoft to release ODF document converter". CNet News. CBS Interactive. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
  76. ^ Lombardi, Candace (February 7, 2007). "Sun to release ODF translator for Microsoft Office". News.cnet.com. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
  77. ^ Paul, Ryan (July 7, 2007). "Sun releases ODF Plugin 1.0 for Microsoft Office, July 07, 2007". Arstechnica.com. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
  78. ^ "Download details: 2007 Microsoft Office Add-in: Microsoft Save as PDF or XPS". Microsoft.com. November 8, 2006. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
  79. ^ Microsoft to remove PDF support from Office 2007 in wake of Adobe dispute, Friday, June 2, 2006 Microsoft to remove PDF support from Office 2007 in wake of Adobe dispute | TG Daily Archived February 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  80. ^ Klein, Matt. "Word Formatting: Mastering Styles and Document Themes". How-To Geek. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  81. ^ "Change the Normal template (Normal.dotm )". support.microsoft.com. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
  82. ^ in-depth explanation of Normal.dot Archived June 20, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
  83. ^ "Edit SVG images in Microsoft Office 365". Office Support. Microsoft. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
  84. ^ What's new in Word 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
  85. ^ Improving the look of papers written in Microsoft Word, Retrieved May 30, 2010.
  86. ^ How to Enable OpenType Ligatures in Word 2010, Oreszek Blog, May 17, 2009.
  87. ^ Such as "How to delete a blank page in Word". Sbarnhill.mvps.org. Archived from the original on May 5, 2010. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
  88. ^ Alan Wood. "Unicode and Multilingual Editors and Word Processors for Mac OS X".
  89. ^ Neuburg, Matt (May 19, 2004). "TidBITS : Word Up! Word 2004, That Is". Db.tidbits.com. Archived from the original on July 8, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
  90. ^ McGhie, John (March 26, 2011). "Word's numbering explained". word.mvps.org.
  91. ^ Aldis, Margaret (March 26, 2011). "Methods for restarting list numbering". Word.mvps.org.
  92. ^ "How To Access Auto Summarize in Microsoft Word 2007". Sue's Word Tips. December 14, 2011. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  93. ^ Gore, Karenna (February 9, 1997). "Cognito Auto Sum". Slate.com. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
  94. ^ Changes in Word 2010 (for IT pros). Technet.microsoft.com (May 16, 2012). Retrieved on July 17, 2013.
  95. ^ Bradley, Tony (2 February 2015). "Office Online vs. Office 365: What's free, what's not, and what you really need". PC World. IDG. Archived from the original on 24 July 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  96. ^ Ansaldo, Michael (28 September 2017). "Microsoft Office Online review: Work with your favorite Office formats for free". PC World. IDG. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  97. ^ "Differences between using a document in the browser and in Word". Office Support. Microsoft. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
  98. ^ a b "Password protect documents, workbooks, and presentations". Microsoft Office website. Microsoft. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
  99. ^ "How to Restrict Editing in Word 2010/2007". Trickyways. June 22, 2010. Retrieved April 24, 2010.
  100. ^ "How safe is Word encryption. Is it really secure?". Oraxcel.com. Archived from the original on April 17, 2013. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
  101. ^ Cameron, Janet (September 1984). "Word Processing Revisited". BYTE (review). p. 171. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
  102. ^ Manes, Stephen (February 21, 1984). "The Unfinished Word". PC Magazine. p. 192. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  103. ^ McNeill, Dan (December 1987). "Macintosh: The Word Explosion". Compute!'s Apple Applications. pp. 54–60. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
  104. ^ Nimersheim, Jack (December 1989). "Compute! Specific: MS-DOS". Compute!. pp. 11–12.
  105. ^ "Data Stream". Next Generation. No. 21. Imagine Media. September 1996. p. 21.
  106. ^ "The Definitive, Non-Technical Introduction to LaTeX, Professional Typesetting and Scientific Publishing". Math Vault. September 5, 2015. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  107. ^ Opus Development Postmortem
  108. ^ "Microsoft Word 1.x (Windows) – Stats, Downloads and Screenshots :: WinWorld". WinWorld. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  109. ^ Shustek, Len (March 24, 2014). "Microsoft Word for Windows Version 1.1a Source Code". Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  110. ^ Levin, Roy (March 25, 2014). "Microsoft makes source code for MS-DOS and Word for Windows available to public". Official Microsoft Blog. Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  111. ^ For the sake of superstition the next version of Office won't be called '13'. Office Watch.
  112. ^ Marshall, Martin (January 8, 1990). "SCO Begins Shipping Microsoft Word 5.0 for Unix and Xenix". InfoWorld. p. 6. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
  113. ^ "Microsoft Word: SCO announces Word for Unix Systems Version 5.1". EDGE: Work-Group Computing Report. March 11, 1991. p. 33. Retrieved May 20, 2021 – via Gale General OneFile.

Further reading

  • Tsang, Cheryl. Microsoft: First Generation. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-33206-0.
  • Liebowitz, Stan J. & Margolis, Stephen E. Winners, Losers & Microsoft: Competition and Antitrust in High Technology Oakland: Independent Institute. ISBN 978-0-945999-80-5.

External links

By: Wikipedia.org
Edited: 2021-06-18 18:28:12
Source: Wikipedia.org