DYNAMO (DYNAmic MOdels) is a historically important simulation language and accompanying graphical notation developed within the system dynamics analytical framework. It was originally for industrial dynamics but was soon extended to other applications, including population and resource studies[1][2]
and urban planning.[3][4]
DYNAMO was initially developed under the direction of Jay Wright Forrester in the late 1950s, by Dr. Phyllis Fox,[5][6]
Alexander L. Pugh III, Grace Duren,[7]
and others[8]
at the M.I.T. Computation Center.[9]
DYNAMO was used for the system dynamics simulations of global resource-depletion reported in the Club of Rome's Limits to Growth,[1] but has since fallen into disuse.
Beginnings
In 1958, Forrester unwittingly instigated DYNAMO's development when he asked an MIT staff programmer to compute needed solutions to some equations, for a Harvard Business Review paper he was writing about industrial dynamics.[10][11]
The programmer, Richard Bennett, chose to implement a system (SIMPLE - "Simulation of Industrial Management Problems with Lots of Equations") that took coded equations as symbolic input and computed solutions. SIMPLE became the proof-of-concept for DYNAMO: rather than have a specialist programmer "hard-code" a special-purpose solver in a general purpose programming language, users could specify a system's equations in a special simulation language and get simulation output from one program execution.
Design goals
DYNAMO was designed to emphasize the following:
ease-of-use for the industrial dynamics modeling community (who were not assumed to be expert programmers);
immediate execution of the compiled model, without producing an intermediate object file; and
providing graphical output, with line printer and pen plotter graphics.
Among the ways in which DYNAMO was above the standard of the time, it featured units checking of numerical types and relatively clear error messages.
Implementation
The earliest versions were written in assembly language for the IBM 704, then for the IBM 709 and IBM 7090. DYNAMO II was written in AED-0, an extended version of Algol 60.[12][13]
Dynamo II/F, in 1971, generated portable FORTRAN code[14]
and both Dynamo II/F and Dynamo III improved the system's portability by being written in FORTRAN.[14][15]
Originally designed for batch processing on mainframe computers, it was made available on minicomputers in the late 1970s,[16]
and became available as "micro-Dynamo" on personal computers in the early 1980s.[17]
The language went through several revisions from DYNAMO II up to DYNAMO IV in 1983,[18]
Impact and issues
Apart from its (indirectly felt) public impact in environmental issues raised by the controversy over Limits to Growth, DYNAMO was influential in the history of discrete-event simulation even though it was essentially a package for continuous simulation specified through difference equations.[19] It has been said by some to have opened opportunities for computer modelling even for users of relatively low mathematical sophistication.[20] On the other hand, it has also been criticized as weak precisely where mathematical sophistication should be required[2][21] and for relying only on Euler integration.[3]
Notes
^ abMeadows, Donella; Randers, Jørgen; Meadows, Dennis (2004). The limits to growth: the 30-year update. Chelsea Green Pub. p. 285. ISBN 1-931498-51-2.
^ abTaylor, Peter J. (2005). Unruly complexity: ecology, interpretation, engagement. University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-79036-3.
^Swanson, Carl V.; Raymond J., Waldmann (September 1970). "A Simulation Model Of Economic Growth Dynamics". Journal of the American Planning Association. Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group. 36 (5): 314–322. doi:10.1080/01944367008977327.
^Michael J. Radzicki; Robert A. Taylor. Origin of System Dynamics. Introduction to System Dynamics: Version 1.0. U.S. Department of Energy Office of Policy and International Affairs. Retrieved 2011-09-23.
^Haigh, Thomas (interviewer) (2005). "Phyllis Fox"(PDF). The History of Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing - Oral Histories. SIAM. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
^Sammet, J.E. (Aug 1969). Programming Languages: History and Fundamentals. Prentice Hall. p. 651. ISBN 0-13-729988-5.
^ ab?, ? (1975). "?". Pittsburgh Conference on Modeling and Simulation. University of Pittsburgh. School of Engineering: Instrument Society of America. Pittsburgh Section: 1270. ISSN 0198-0092. Retrieved 12 May 2010.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^
Computer & Control Abstracts,
Volume 11,
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
p.1591
^DYNAMO User's Manual, Sixth Edition, ISBN 0-262-66052-0
^"A History of Discrete Event Simulation Programming Languages", Richard E. Nance, TR 93-21, Dept. of Comp. Sci., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (cross-listed as Systems Research Center report SRC 93-003), June 11, 1993 [1]
^The electronic oracle: computer models and social decisions (1985), Donella H. Meadows, Jenny M. Robinson, John Wiley & Sons Inc, ISBN 0-471-90558-5
^"An interview with
Phyllis A. Fox", SIAM website oral history, p.26 [2]: "Besides the servo-mechanism approach, [Forrester] used extrapolation, which is notoriously problematic, and unstable. You know yourself that you can’t extrapolate forever. It doesn’t work."
Bibliography
Introduction to System Dynamics Modeling with Dynamo (1981), George P. Richardson; Alexander L. Pugh III, Pegasus Communications, ISBN 1-883823-43-9
Modeling the Environment: An Introduction To System Dynamics Modeling Of Environmental Systems (1999), Andrew Ford, Island Press, ISBN 1-55963-601-7
Appendix D: Dynamo
"The Prophet of Unintended Consequences", Lawrence M. Fisher, strategy+business #40 Autumn 2005 [3]
Corporate Planning and Policy Design: A System Dynamics Approach (1981), James M. Lyneis, (MIT Press/Wright-Allen Series in System Dynamics) ISBN 0-262-12083-6
Modeling for Learning Organizations (2000), John D.W. Morecroft, John D. Sterman; Productivity Press (System Dynamics Series) (Hardcover) ISBN 1-56327-250-4
Dynamics of growth in a finite world (1974), Dennis L. Meadows, Wright-Allen Press, ISBN 0-9600294-4-3
Appendix C: How to Read a DYNAMO Flow Diagram;
Appendix D: How to Read Dynamo Equations
Appendix E: How to Read a DYNAMO Graphical Output
Computer-Assisted Theory Building: Modeling Dynamic Social Systems (1988), Dr. Robert Hanneman, Sage Publications, Inc., 0803929617
Computer Simulation in Management Science (1998), Michael Pidd, Wiley, ISBN 0-471-97931-7
Simulation for the social scientist (2005), G. Nigel Gilbert, Klaus G. Troitzsch, Open University Press, ISBN 0-335-21600-5
External links
DYNAMO - excerpt from manual contains much more detailed history.
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